The Evolution of Vision Therapy: From Conventional Orthoptic Techniques to Modern Digital and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Rehabilitation Systems

Published

2026-07-31

Keywords:

Vision therapy,, Conventional Orthoptic Techniques,, Artificial Intelligence

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Issue

Vol. 14 No. 02 (2026): UP JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY

Section

Review Article

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

© Author, Open Access. This article is licensed under a CC Attribution 4.0 License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/byncsa/4.0/.

Authors

  • Sowndarya Ganesh Giya Vision Therapy Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Inbarasi Nagendran Giya Vision Therapy Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Lipika Roy Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Founder of Giya Vision Therapy Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Aim: To critically review the evolution of vision therapy (VT) from traditional orthoptic methods to contemporary digital, virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted systems, with a focus on VTS4, HoloLens, and Cognihab platforms.
Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed literature indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2026). The study surveys original research papers on over 30 - 40 verified platforms, evaluating software-based advantages and clinical success rates.
Results: Traditional office-based therapy remains effective for convergence insufficiency (73–75% success). The Visual Training System 4 (VTS4), particularly with HoloLens AR integration, provides true 3D color vergence training with independent eye tracking. AI-driven VR suites like Cognihab have reported an 85% success rate in visual acuity improvement within 12 weeks. AI and machine learning (ML) integration has catalyzed a massive expansion in home-based programs, which now demonstrate adherence rates as high as 94% compared to 40 to 57% for traditional patching.
Conclusion: Vision therapy has transitioned into an integrated neuro-rehabilitation specialty. The integration of ML-based adaptive algorithms has shifted the focus toward scalable, home-based models that offer objective monitoring and enhanced patient engagement while maintaining clinical standards.

How to Cite

1.
Ganesh S, Nagendran I, Roy L. The Evolution of Vision Therapy: From Conventional Orthoptic Techniques to Modern Digital and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Rehabilitation Systems. UPJO [Internet]. 2026 Jul. 31 [cited 2026 Jul. 31];14(02):61-5. Available from: https://upjo.info/index.php/upjo/article/view/655

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